Illegal Immigrants Deportation - 1987 Words

Cristobal Illegal Immigrants Deportation There has been an issue for several years in the United States, and yet it hasn’t been resolved. While the government is looking for a solution, there have been so many families that are getting separated just because they are deporting too many people. Some states that have made their own laws which are laws that are absolutely unconstitutional, such as the one from Arizona the SB-1070, which that law allows the police within that state, to stop and interrogate any person who appears to be an immigrant. They can be identified by their skin color, and their way of talking. That law is unconstitutional because the police are judging†¦show more content†¦citizens, but only if they meet certain requirements. Some of the most intelligent and ambitious individuals, who are unsatisfied with their own countries, bring their skills to America. Few countries offer the limitless opportunities that the United States offers. You can start your own business, learn a high-tech career, become a movie star, publish a best-selling novel, or be elected to office. People in other countries crave the same things we do: recognition, wealth, fame, and the feeling of making a difference. America offers endless ways for a nobody to become great. Many countries of the world limit educational opportunities, stifle entrepreneurship, and prevent individuals from reaping the rewards of their hard work. Consequently, such individuals often come to America. In fact, our nation was founded by English and other European citizens that risked their lives to sail across the ocean to an unknown future. America cant help but become better from the influence of such people. It increases the diversity and expands the culture of the country. No country in the world has the diversity of race, religion, language, and culture. America is called the great melting pot because we bring together all sorts of people around the world. Diversity brings more tolerance for people that are, on the surface, different than us. It introduces new ideas, newShow MoreRelatedMass Deportation Of Illegal Immigrants1582 Words   |  7 PagesMass Deportation of Illegal Mexican Immigrants Cannot Solve America’s Immigration Problems. Immigration and deportation reformation has been one of the hot topics in the 2016 election. Many have chosen which candidate to vote for based on their point of view on immigration and deportation matters. Some supported Donald Trump because he promised to deport all illegal immigrants if he becomes president while others supported Hillary Clinton because she was against mass deportation. In most cases, massRead MoreIllegal Immigrants Should Be Allowed For Deportation1409 Words   |  6 Pagescongress doesn’t make a replacement then they will all be deported back to their home country. In March as many as 800 thousand people brought to the United States illegally as children will be eligible for deportation. The five-year-old policy allows them to remain without immediate deportation from the country and gives them the ability to work. Trump and his attorney, announced the change at the Justice Department, arguing that those that have entered the country illegally are lawbre akers who hurtRead MoreDeportation Of Immigrants : Deportation Essay1456 Words   |  6 PagesDeportation of Immigrants Introduction Over the last quarter of a decade, illegal immigration and enforcement have dominated mainstream policy making (Meisnner, Kerwin, Chishti Bergeron, 2013). There has been a lot of public debate too, on whether or not the successive governments of the US have been able to effectively address illegal immigration and its enforcement thereof. However, as Meisnner et al. (2013) state, in the wake of the terror attacks of 2001, a paradigm shift appears to have beenRead MoreDeportation Of The United States Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesDeportation in the United States Immigration has and still a dilemma for the United States. Immigration has shaped the United States as a nation since the first newcomers arrived over 400 years ago. Immigrants contribute deeply to many of the economic, social, and political processes that are foundational to the United States as a nation. Millions of immigrants are deported every year. The ethnicity of immigrants living in the United States come from all around. Mexico has the largest populationRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants Should Be Legal949 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica is a nation of immigration but America also faces the problem of illegal immigration. In America the debate of whether undocumented immigrants should be able to get full amnesty is still a controversy. Even though illegal immigrants did make an illicit action, many see the United States as an opportunity for a better future. In addition, undocumented immigrants should be granted citizenship because it will benefit the United States. Creating an amnesty for the students will help the UnitedRead MoreIllegal Immigrants : The United States1174 Words   |  5 PagesEach year about 2.5 million Illegal immigrants attempt to cross the border, only about 100,000 and less make it through. Illegal immigrants come to America for a better life. They have gradually increased over time since the 1800’s. Illegal immigrants can come from all parts of the world, but most them come from spanish speaking countries (South and Central America). Most Americans believe illegal immigrants are a problem to the U.S.. Also, Illegal immigrants are believed to be bringing crime, butRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography on Deportations1389 Words   |  6 PagesDeportations: An Annotated Bibliography Fitz, Marshall. â€Å"The Cost of Mass Deportation.† Center for American Progress. N.p., 19 Mar. 2010. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. In the article The Cost of Mass Deportation, the author talks about the negative impact that deportation can cause this country. The issue of illegal immigration has been an active debate in congress for the last few years. During the presidency of George W. Bush and Barack Obama, the enforcement of deportation has increased. The authorRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is The Act Of Migrating Across A National Border1310 Words   |  6 Pagesnature, illegal immigration is hard to measure and control. But to fully understand the solutions and properly analyze them; the origin, causes, and effects must be clear. Illegal immigration is the act of migrating across a national border without a legalized permission from the target country. Illegal immigration has long been a problem in the USA since the latter half of the 20th century. In spite of all the laws that was issued the door was left open especially for the Mexican immigrants. ThroughoutRead MoreShould Immigration Be Illegal Immigr ants?1559 Words   |  7 Pageschildren, or other relatives who are illegal immigrants and constantly live in fear of deportation. Deportation has increased greatly and immigration agencies have been deporting many of these illegal immigrants in their workplace. Assembly Bill No. 450 will place requirements on private and public employers when encountering immigration agencies whom are seeking to deport their employees. It also prohibits immigration agencies from deporting illegal immigrants in their workplace without a warrantRead MoreThe Effects Of Illegal Immigrants On The United States1356 Words   |  6 PagesThere are millions of illegal immigrants in the United States, as Markon (2016) argues that the majority are from South and Central America, Europe, and Mexico. They form a population of between 10 million to 12 million undocumented immigrants in the United States. One of these illegal is my father, who came to the U.S.A in 1996 to work and tried to pay the numerous debt s that he got in my country; in addition, my country had a large concern where there weren’t jobs and several banks had gone broke

Things You Should Know About Topics S Essay Examples

Things You Should Know About Topics S Essay Examples As you probably already know, simply because you've got a definition essay topic and a couple examples doesn't signify you've got an essay. An essay has to be composed of an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Writing an essay is a critical role in academe life. The example essay is among the absolute most basic essays in academic writing, but may be exceedingly difficult if you've never written one or don't know what things to write about. Topics S Essay Examples Secrets Defining an excellent partner means you will have to choose what qualities someone must have in order to be appropriate for you. There are several ways to do so and you'll want to utilise all your abilities. Various media channels like TV channels and societal networks have a wonderful effect on human life. If you would like to share because many examples from your private life and experience as possible, most probably you will recall your family mem bers and friends. So without further ado, below are some effective writing tips to generate your common app essay stick out! Essay writing skills is a hard and time-consuming endeavor. To begin with, your motivation for a writer is affected by the essay topic you select. Essay writers should get an opinion about what they're writing. Your paragraphs do not connect one another's meaning in addition to the whole thought of your essay might be incomprehensible. Despite the fact that the span of the topic will mostly depend on the duration of an essay you're going to write, it is is still recommended to choose one specific question and adhere to it in your work. Consider your essay is limited concerning word count. Only after you make your decision about the topic, you might move to the five-paragraph essay structure. Rumors, Lies and Topics S Essay Examples There are invariably a wide variety of opinions on the field of technology, and here are our favourite things to conside r on the subject. Unique things to various individuals, since the situation demanded. Pick a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make sure that you know a lot about it! Occasionally it only appears simple, but a great deal of students forget about the kind of academic writing they need to stick with. You cannot write a great essay whenever you're in a rush or thinking about several other things you need to do. An essay outline is a group of ideas and ideas pertinent to the subject issue. In the end, the detail of true speech makes the scene pop. Should you wish, highlight the important words and phrases in the stimulus to have the ability to look at it from time to time to make sure you adhere to the topic. Type of Topics S Essay Examples Deciding to write about social issues is a sure way to guarantee the crucial word count. The very best thing about an argumentative essay which contains social issues is you can describe your individu al experience on the instance of the real-life case. If a person is uber rich, the middle class looks poor. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. The 5-Minute Rule for Topics S Essay Examples When you work with us, you're guaranteed that every one of the samples and topics will be customized to fit your purposes. It is often as large or as small as it is possible to consider! Should you need totally free examples of ready papers, visit the corresponding site. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but don't forget to do your homework on what the recent laws about your preferred topic actually say. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. List three to five topics that you're interested in or would love to write about. Thus, the topic you select plays a critical role. The simplest way to influe nce the form of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. After you master the art of producing thesis statements you may be certain to excel. A few of the things are linked to example essays to provide you with even more inspiration. Topics S Essay Examples - Is it a Scam? It is difficult to locate a good website with free examples of argumentative papers and affordable custom made essays. You may also learn to tie the numerous areas of the paper together to extend a cohesive reading. Actually, besides asking for help with the subject, you may also request for a personalized paper, written based on the instructions as set out in your prompt. Pick an incorrect subject, and you wind up with an irrelevant or bad paper. Essay writing is often practiced is schools. Curriculum proposal topics is a means to try. In the majority of cases, students aren't taught how to write great papers. Students who find they lack the skills necessary to research and formulate decent e ssay topic ideas should look at getting assistance from our experts. The topic which you are likely to choose should be interesting for you personally, in other case it would be really challenging to collect all facts and basic information to earn a fantastic paper. You should think of a notion and offer some evidence. To the contrary, you might explore mental health tips and keep upbeat. Lastly, be certain that the topic you decide on can be supported by some factual evidence. The New Angle On Topics S Essay Examples Just Released Essay writing examples in doc format like the ones given may help steer you in writing an excellent composition. Irrespective of whether you require thesis statement examples for a persuasive essay or any kind of writing assistance, you're in the proper spot. Example essays concentrate on one key idea that you prove with different specific, convincing examples. A descriptive essay is a brief paper that is about describing or summarizing a topic .

Australia Board Dragged Before Senate Inquiry †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Australia Board Dragged Before Senate Inquiry? Answer: Introducation The chosen article CPA Australia board dragged before senate inquiry over ongoing scandal dated august third, 2017 marks that there is a prompt need of improvement of corporate governance in all the Australian companies. The key points of this article are highlighting the issues of the CPA board transparency in order to have proper relation with the board members and shareholders and the other one is that in spite of the pressure on the CPA board it still overcrowding many ways to converse along with the disaffected members. CPA or the certified practising accountants, which is the accounting body of Australia and has over 15000 members in 121 countries. Their motto is mainly the maintaining of integrity within the Australian companies. This particular article highlights the importance of corporate governance in the companies so that they can maintain the levels of governance within organisation and business as well. This article firstly highlights the sacking of CPAs CEO Alex Malley , due to the controversies against him, which includes the bullying in work place, but this article also states that the board is still under pressure even after the CEO was sacked. This article follows the resignation of many other person of the CPA board and demonstrates that the remaining members of the CPA board are going to face a lot of questioning before the senate of the committee. That is why they highlighted the importance of a senate to set the improvement of the corporate governance for all the countries. This article demonstrates that as the board is facing a lot of questions about the corporate governance crisis of the board they have mentioned the need of senate enquiry due to their misfortune as well as corporate governance. This article also initiates the need of the corporation act in the century. Relating the aspects with the theories: Corporate sectors have become independent and powerful institutions in almost every country. These sectors have expanded their sizes to every corners of the world and have influenced many economies (McCahery, Sautner and Starks 2016). Due to this the impact of the shareholders on the organisations decision-making process are largely affected. With globalization, the pressure and ownership of the government on the organisations are decreasing resulting to which acquiring of accountability is been necessary job. This is the sole reason that every organisation requires the need of corporate governance to deal with the aspect of managing organisations. Corporate governance is the rules that controls and develops the organisational structure (Tricker and Tricker 2015). This set of rules help the organisation to stand up against crisis and risk and determine the goal of the organisation. The rules that it sets governs the organisational relationships with its management, shareholders and t he stakeholders. It can also be mentioned as a decision making body of the organisation which is in charge of deciding which decision to implement within the organisation for maintaining the organisational structure (Armstrong et al 2014). The above article specifies the importance of the corporate governance for the organisation and in the present world there is a presence of problem in maintaining the corporate governance in the organisation. In the above article, the issue highlighted specifies the stakeholder theory of corporate governance. This theory is developed by the incorporation of the corporate accountability among the stakeholders. Stakeholder theory of corporate governance defines any group or an individual who has the ability to affect or gets themselves affected by organisations objectives (Pig 2017). In the above article, also it is seen that the sacking of the CEO has lot of affects or impacts in the CPA board. Hence, it is clearly implied that this theory matches the aspects of the article. This theory suggests that the managers or the managing body has many duties and responsibilities to fulfil and similarly it can be depicted from the article that the CPA body has responsibilities towards the organisations and that is why they wants to initiate proper corporate governance system within the organisation. The article also specifies the need of senate and involvement of the other members to enable the prac tise of corporate governance in a proper way. The relevance of this point with the theory is that this theory includes the involvement of the stakeholders to participate and address to the aspects of the organisation. It is known that every organisation aims to have a number of stakeholders for helping in managing the system and that is what is same between the article and the theory. CPA has an initiative of expanding their networks with the members. Stakeholder theory also focuses in determining of the decisions that will have intrinsic value and the involvement of the stakeholders and this theory does not have the interest of dominating others (Pig 2017). Stakeholder theory covers the institutions like: Government Investors Political Groups Supplier Trade Associations Customers Communities Employees Though the above article has relevance to the stakeholder theory it also has relevance to the resource dependency theory of corporate governance which clearly identifies the role of the board in for helping the organisation to access the required resources. This can be said because the article specifies that the CPA board has stated the need of corporate governance as well as implementing the senate. Similarly, the resource dependency theory also highlights the role of the directors in the process of resource providing to the organisation as well as the people linked with it do (Pugliese, Minichilliand Zattoni 2014. The use and implementing of the resources increases the organisational design and provides them the encouragement to increase their performance level (Beekes, Brown and Zhang 2015). The CPA board wants to bring integrity among the organisations and they also wants to initiate the senate as well. Similarly, the definition of the resource dependency theory states that the m anagement or the board wants to bring many resources for the sake of the organisation. Hence, it can be said that the article is relevant to the two theories of corporate governance, which are stakeholder theory and the resource dependency theory. Importance of these issues in business and for publics: The issues that are mentioned in the articles are important for business because lack of corporate governance will not help the business to reach the desired goal. Failure and absence of corporate governance will result in financial crisis and the loss of business integrity as well. Corporate governance in a business will result in instating the customers, implementing of governing body within the organisation along with the implementation of policies for the employees (Claessens and Yurtoglu 2013). Corporate governance provides the help in increasing the accountability within the organisation and according to the article the CPA board knows the role of corporate governance for the business and that is why mentioned the implementation of the corporate governance among the organisation. Corporate governance for a business helps in introducing resources for the organisation, increases the stakeholders value, and maintains their relationship with the stakeholders to manage the transpare ncy of their decisions (Christensen et al 2015). The corporate governance is a way of directing and managing the administration of an organisation. It also initiates the role and involvement of the stakeholders in the business. The issues of not having a corporate governance system within the organisation can damage the system in many ways. Most obviously, absence of corporate governance within the organisation will damage the whole administration system. Absence of corporate governance system in the organisation reduces its integration and the organisation seems to lack in culture as well. Corporate governance provides the organisation hence without it the organisation will not be able to have any strong prejudice for managing the crisis (ArAs 2016). Presence of corporate governance also provides the organisation with the opportunity to involve the stakeholders in the meeting to utilize their key points and understanding. Presence of corporate governance within the organisation res ults to the identification of the stakeholders along with taking into considerations their decisions; it also helps in identifying and addressing the needs of the stakeholders in order to maintain a proper relationship with others (Iliev et al 2015). Presence of corporate governance provides the organisations the recognition of the responsibilities that the governing board has and will have to set a future for the organisation. Practise of ethical behaviour is another important measure that the corporate governance system practises (Larcker and Tayan 2015). Another use of having corporate governance system is that it helps in maintaining the transparency, be it in business or with the shareholders, it effectively follows the transparency so that there is no exaggeration of problem or issues. Corporate governance has a determining importance among the public. Impact of the issues mentioned in the article can be discussed by introducing the meaning of corporate governance according to the public (Bovens, Goodin and Schillemans 2014). According to the public, the corporate governance is the concept that is effective in both fiction and practice. The governing or controlling body involves integrity, transparency and others in the process of business management to satisfy the needs of the customers or the public (Dias, Rodrigues and Craig 2017). Hence keeping the issues of the article in mind it can be said that the CPA board had taken the right initiative of introducing integrity and corporate governance in the business organisation to help both the public and the business. However, corporate governance can be known as an efficient governance form that needs to be implemented in every organisation. Corporate governance of every organisation depends on the capital it has. This is because corporate governance is dependent on many factors like the accountability, involvement of stakeholders and their decisions (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2015). From the above it can be sa id that corporate governance is a very important system that is helpful for both the organisation and the public as without this, the business will not be able acquire their desired goal nor will the public be kept satisfied with needs. Every organisation needs to imply corporate governance in order to avail a proper managing and administrative board, which will help them to provide the customers the loyal services and have a better relationship with the stakeholders and for the public, corporate governance will provide assurance on behalf of the organisation (Strange 2016). Conclusion: From all the above discussion and having knowledge about the issues mentioned in the article, it can be concluded that every organisation has a massive need of corporate governance implementation in order to develop their business. The article mentioned the CPAs role on introducing the practise of corporate governance in the organisation, the board does this to initiate the integrity among the members of the organisation so that they do not face the problem that the CPA boards is facing after the sacking of the CEO. The CPA board is seen to be facing a lot of problems and that is why it has decided to bring integrity among the organisation and involve the stakeholders in an expanded way in the organisation. corporate governance is a process that will provide the organisation with integration and involvement of the stakeholders. It can be recommended that for initiating the system of corporate governance within the organisation, every organisation must have positivity so that the prac tise can be properly implemented. Corporate governance will help the Australian organisation in expanding their business with the help the shareholders. The involvement of the shareholders may help the organisations with better development and decisions that will have positive impact. The governance body will also deal with the risk management so that the organisation can be free to trade overseas. Corporate governance is very important for the small business, as this governing and managing body will provide them the acquisition to better future. In the article, it can be seen that the big businesses are not at all happy with the CPAs decision but it is necessary for every business to have an administrative body, which will be responsible for the decision making process and also help in building organisational culture. Organisational culture is very important for the entire organisational sector and corporate governance is more important than that. References: ArAs, G., 2016.A handbook of corporate governance and social responsibility. CRC Press. Armstrong, C.S., Blouin, J.L., Jagolinzer, A.D. and Larcker, D.F., 2015. Corporate governance, incentives, and tax avoidance.Journal of Accounting and Economics,60(1), pp.1-17. Beekes, W., Brown, P. and Zhang, Q., 2015. Corporate governance and the informativeness of disclosures in Australia: a re?examination.Accounting Finance,55(4), pp.931-963. Bovens, M., Goodin, R.E. and Schillemans, T. eds., 2014.The Oxford handbook public accountability. Oxford University Press. Christensen, J., Kent, P., Routledge, J. and Stewart, J., 2015. Do corporate governance recommendations improve the performance and accountability of small listed companies?.Accounting Finance,55(1), pp.133-164. Claessens, S. and Yurtoglu, B.B., 2013. Corporate governance in emerging markets: A survey.Emerging markets review,15, pp.1-33. Dias, A., Rodrigues, L.L. and Craig, R., 2017. Corporate governance effects on social responsibility disclosures.Australasian Accounting Business Finance Journal,11(2). Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 2015.Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Iliev, P., Lins, K.V., Miller, D.P. and Roth, L., 2015. Shareholder voting and corporate governance around the world.The Review of Financial Studies,28(8), pp.2167-2202. Larcker, D. and Tayan, B., 2015.Corporate governance matters: A closer look at organizational choices and their consequences. Pearson Education. McCahery, J.A., Sautner, Z. and Starks, L.T., 2016. Behind the scenes: The corporate governance preferences of institutional investors.The Journal of Finance,71(6), pp.2905-2932. Pig, B., 2017. Stakeholder theory and corporate governance: the nature of the board information.Management: journal of contemporary management issues,7(1), pp.1-17. Pugliese, A., Minichilli, A. and Zattoni, A., 2014. Integrating agency and resource dependence theory: Firm profitability, industry regulation, and board task performance.Journal of Business Research,67(6), pp.1189-1200. Strange, R., 2016. MNE theory and the importance of corporate governance. Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Young, S. and Thyil, V., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance: Role of context in international settings.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.1-24

The Story of a Malaysian People Essay Example

The Story of a Malaysian People Essay As I sat on my bed tilting against a bare wall right across the room looking at how the steady beads of raindrops sluiced down my window-pane on a glooming rainy forenoon, I let my head roll off to visualise the chilly forenoon of 11 June 1981, right as the clock ticked 3.00 a.m.[ 1 ] the minute the cogwheel was pulled, the platform beneath his pess opened, the rope around his cervix sliting into his delicate tegument and within nanoseconds the tenseness intensified and in a split 2nd his life ended, Botak Chin hanged, dead, and gone. Oh how the adult female of Malaysia must hold teared and cried, as how sheets of rain started turn uping in doing my ear to be swelled with the sound of rain rain against my window. But allow s non bury the feeling of huge sorrow, torment and hurt that filled the Black Marias of all the donees of Botak Chin as the topic lived to rob the rich for the hapless ,[ 2 ]at least supplying the hapless and suppressed society a better opportunity to populate. And for those who were at the other side of the having terminal, purely talking those whom the topic offended merely to acquire his manner, good you can conceive of the suspirations of alleviation and load that was washed off now that their menace was out of head, out of sight. We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of a Malaysian People specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of a Malaysian People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of a Malaysian People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ah, what a contention. And hence, what a great subject to compose on. In instance you were inquiring who in the universe is Botak Chin, and why in the universe would anyone give themselves such a reasonable incognito, Botak Chin was non good, bald. His existent name is Wong Swee Chin and he is known as Botak Chin merely because he wanted to assist the hapless and helpless. Do nt acquire it? Well Lashkar-e-Taiba s expression at it in footings of the Malay linguistic communication Bantu Orang Tak Ada Kerja a.k.a BOTAK.[ 3 ]Enlightened? Well, yes I would trust so. Again, in instance you were inquiring, and you decidedly would, what did this adult male do to merit so much attending? And why am I raving so much about him as though he is my womb-to-tomb dream spouse? That you would happen out as you unravel the enigmas of his ephemeral life, with our aid of class. But first, allow me give you a brief debut of our topic of treatment. Merely seek googling Botak Chin and you ll happen that in any web site you click, he is dubbed as Malaysia s version of Robin Hood. Harmonizing to the Malayan high-profile felon records, he was known as Malaysia s most ill-famed mobster in the 1970 s, with a series of robberies, bloody inter-gang competitions and quarrels with the constabulary.[ 4 ] He was a mastermind in his ain manner. He was small-sized but if he set his head to make something, cipher could hold stopped him. He was ever one measure in front of you, was Abu Bakar Juah s remarks about Botak Chin.[ 5 ] Now you get the effect of Botak, an debut being an debut, I should allow the remainder of my squad enthrall you with Botak s life and his environing buddies. Till so, delight make bask our study. At The Beginning Written by ; Lee Boon Ho Family Background After looking at the image of Botak Chin it is truly amusing to see that a cat with a head full of locks being named botak, which in Bahasa Melayu stands for bald. Make non worry, his parents were non seeking to be amusing or anything, the account on how he got the rubric botak was explained in our debut. However, his parents did give him a proper name, which was Wong Swee Chin. This ill-famed mobster was born in 1951 and hails from Kuala Lumpur. Bing a mobster that brought much fright to the society life in Kuala Lumpur in the 1970ss, there was much inquiry and rumor about his household background and upbringing. Some thought he was an orphan and some even said his male parent was a Mafia Godhead. However, after making a thorough research, his household and upbringing was really much like any normal individual walking on the streets of Kuala Lumpur. Botak Chin came from a household of 12. He had nine siblings. As his male parent was a retired person who worked with the Malayan Railways, they lived at the Malayan Railway Quarters following to the Caltex station in Jalan Ipoh[ 6 ]. Although they were hapless, Botak Chin s male parent ever reminded his kids to ever make good workss and ever have a fastness onto their rules and values in life. His male parent was instead rigorous with the upbringing of his kids. However, after the decease of his female parent, Botak Chin felt disconnected from his household for he shared a really close relationship with his female parent. Furthermore, his household started to fall apart as a consequence of his female parent s passing for his pa could non get by with looking after 10 kids and supplying an income for the household. Hence, after losing his fastness, he found consolation in his close friends who became his close comrades and intimate. He stayed away from place and he preferred remaining with his friends[ 7 ]. He felt more comfy and a stronger sense of belonging when he was with the company of his close friends. He treated them like his really ain brothers. Sadly, passing excessively much clip off from place meant he had excessively much freedom and he did non hold anyone to look out for him or to demo him the right way in life. He did non hold a guardian matured plenty to rede him on what was right and what was incorrect. Away from his male parent s alert oculus[ 8 ], he easy was exposed to the dark underworld and how was it like to populate as a mobster. He was intrigued and drawn to the life style of a mobster for he felt they were powerful and they could transfuse a sense of fright in people. He wanted to cognize more, he wanted to be like them and he did. Early Education His parents placed a batch of importance on instruction. Therefore they made the attempt to give all of their 10 kids the proper instruction they needed to win in life. Botak Chin received his early primary instruction at a Chinese common school. He so went on to analyze at Methodist Boys Secondary School in Sentul. However, Botak Chin was non really interested in books and figures. So he lost involvement in his instruction and did non finish his secondary school surveies. Alternatively he quitted school when he merely completed Form 3, after sitting for his Lower Certificate of Education scrutiny[ 9 ]. Botak Chin became a school dropout at a immature age of 15[ 10 ]. It was a commiseration that Botak Chin did non finish his instruction, for by judging on how he thought and how he carried himself, he was of course intelligent and he was evidently gifted with encephalons and humor. Quoting Abu Bakar Juah, one of the prison guards that had the opportunity to guard the legendary Botak Chin ; He was a mastermind in his ain manner. He was small-sized but if he set his head to make something, cipher could hold stopped him .[ 11 ] He even had a instead sociable and sympathetic personality ; Abu Bakar says Wong could be friendly and he used to hold a game of draughtss with him[ 12 ]. A adult male with huge finding ; non burying humor and intelligence with a little touch of manner and personal appeal, Botak Chin had the natural stuffs of going person great, possibly even a leader. He did go a leader, a instead influential one that many spoke off and cognize, but for all the incorrect grounds. His Work Written by ; Eunice Agnes Sivasothey Although proclaiming himself as the Malaysia s Robin Hood , Botak Chin managed to transfuse such fright and anxiety in the heads of his fellow countrymen. Ill-famed for being a inhuman slayer which set the state amok with his uncountable offenses and serious violent disorder of slayings, left the constabulary force during the 1970 s puzzled and stumped on how they are of all time traveling to eventually convey justness to this adult male. Wong Swee Chin ( Botak Chin ) embarked into a life of offense in the early old ages of his life. After discontinuing school at the stamp age of 15, Botak Chin was exposed to the life of the underworld and got himself involved in a pack which called themselves Gang 360 in Kuala Lumpur .[ 13 ]Gang 360 ( Sak Pak Lok ) consisted of local goons which influenced him to perpetrate junior-grade and minor offenses.[ 14 ] In the twelvemonth 1969, when Botak Chin was merely 18 years-old he illicitly obtained his very foremost piece which was a 0.22 six-gun. Soon after, he created his really ain pack and became the originator of 8 robberies. However, he was caught finally and was thrown in gaol for seven old ages. Botak Chin was released from prison in November 1974.[ 15 ] As any inmate released from gaol, Botak Chin tried really difficult to turn over a new foliage and live a Reformed life. He turned away from offense and attempted to populate a respectable life by selling veggies to gain a life. However, he found populating an honorable life was difficult and palling for the income was small and scarce. Populating under such conditions, the thought of returning to his old life started organizing in his head once more.[ 16 ] Within less than a twelvemonth of his release from gaol, Botak Chin returned to a life of offense and in April 1975, he formed a new pack which comprised of a few of his friends, viz. ; Ng Cheng Wong ( Ah Wong ) , Beh Kok Chin ( Pangkor Chai ) dan Teh Bok Lay ( Seh Chai ) . Botak Chin and his buddies ( as portrayed in the biographical movie of himself )[ 17 ] The really following month, he went up to Thailand in hunt of a friend of his to buy guns which were needed for robberies.[ 18 ]Readily armed with guns, Botak Chin and his pack attacked an illegal chancing lair in Sentul on the 2nd of June 1975. They successfully escaped with RM5,800. Money obtained from that robbery was used by Botak Chin to heighten his pack s force. He went up to Thailand once more to get more pieces and ammunition. He purchased 8 more pieces and 100 slugs.[ 19 ] Items seized by Malayan constabulary after Botak Chin s apprehension ( now on show @ Malaysia Police Museum )[ 20 ] The pack s following act was to rob a bank in Jalan Imbi. From that robbery, they obtained RM95,000 in hard currency and RM25,00 of the entire amount was used to buy a Datsun auto. Not long after that, Botak Chin and his buddies robbed a Buddhist temple on Jalan Kolam Ayer.[ 21 ]They shot a few mah-jong participants and looted RM10,000 worth of goods including hard currency, gold and expensive points[ 22 ]. Botak Chin started a violent disorder of robberies and this violent disorder caught the attending of the so City s Criminal Investigation Department deputy caput, Deputy Superintendent S.Kulasingam and he was on the quest to capture Botak Chin. Due to legion robberies, pack battles and even gun conflicts with the constabulary, Botak Chin was running low on ammunition and pieces. Hence, to get the better of this defect, he attacked three police officers and took their handguns. He even stole pieces belonging to security guards during a robbery at a saloon in Sentul.[ 23 ]Botak Chin besides enjoyed demoing off his abilities and capablenesss in managing guns. He would dispute anyone at Sentul Railway Club to vie who was better at Cowboy Style shot.[ 24 ] However, of all the offenses he committed, the biggest and most unsafe robbery he executed was the robbing of a security guard transporting money to the Horse Racing Club. This monolithic robbery took topographic point on the 26th of October 1975. Botak Chin shot the security guard and managed to get away without being caught with RM218, 000 in hard currency. The hard currency obtained was one time once more used to purchase even more pieces from Thailand. He spent about RM40, 000 buying a immense aggregation of arms which included 19 pieces, 5 grenades and 1,000 slugs[ 25 ]. Apart from forming robberies, Botak Chin was besides involved in assorted pack wars. One outstanding pack war which he was involved in was the pack war between his ain pack and the ill-famed Five Finger Mountain pack. This peculiar war was plain bloody and dismaying. The pack war resulted in a few deceases viz. the decease of the Five Finger Mountain gang leader every bit good as the decease of Botak Chin s ain pack member, Ah Wong[ 26 ] The engagement of Botak Chin is a big figure of offenses and the his ability to defy gaining control from the constabulary force and flight life endangering state of affairss lead many to believe he had something more than fortune on his side. Something that made him powerful, fearless and even at times unbeatable. Hence, there were theories and rumors about him holding an talisman or a lucky appeal that gave him supernatural powers. It was said that Botak Chin wore a BE2480 ( Internet Explorer: 1937 AD ) batch Tok Raja ( a celebrated Buddhist monastic ) pidtta and takrut ( a type of encased enchantment coil made by the Tok Raja ) . Because of this pidtta, Botak Chin was able to ever all of a sudden disappear whenever the constabulary tried to collar him or he could merely hedge the sight of the constabulary trying to collar him. Harmonizing to the fable, pidttas provides strong protection and gives the wearer the ability to avoid danger. Many believe that the constabulary managed to eventually grok Botak Chin with the aid of Tok Raja.[ 27 ] Whatever the instance possibly, whether Botak Chin had an talisman giving him powers or he was merely one lucky individual, I believe that luck played a really minor function in his offenses and robberies. The success of his robberies and his astonishing ability of out-witting the constabulary force clip and clip once more most decidedly did non entirely depend on sheer fortune but more on his humor and fore-sight. And citing him, he said, I was ever one measure in front of you ( the constabulary ) .[ 28 ] In his ain particular and alone manner, he was a pure mastermind with an astonishing head. The Capture Written by ; Rachel Chong Suet Yeng Botak Chin brought in by the constabulary. This portion of the chapter is based on the existent life experience of Datuk Syed Meer Wahid Al-Hubshee Syed Ibrahim, 78, a dedicated, loyal and determined ex-police officer who served the constabulary force from 1951 to 1986, and who was penned down in history as being the unsung hero and engineer behind the concluding gaining control of Malaysia s most ill-famed felon, Botak Chin, a.k.a, Wong Swee Chin.[ 29 ] Unfortunately for Botak Chin, the dark of 16 February 1976 marks the terminal of term of his controversial behavior, protecting the public assistance of the hapless and incapacitated, albeit by ill-conceived ways as seen by some but his rules regarded by others as baronial and compassionate. Harmonizing to Datuk Syed Meer Wahid Al-Hubshee Syed Ibrahim, or more normally known as Syed Meor, he was the Campbell territory ( soon known as Dang Wangi ) caput officer who courageously took up the function of the late Deputy Superintendent ( DSP ) S Kulasingam, Head of section of Crime Investigation, Kuala Lumpur after the latter was injured by Botak Chin s buddies and was being treated in the infirmary. The foray which finally lead to the apprehension of Botak Chin took topographic point in a sawmill mill in Jalan Ipoh which was tipped off by an betrayer that there were heroin thrusters in the sawmill mill. Syed Meor ordered the betrayer to steal into the mill but to no help due to certain obstructions. Harmonizing to him, he had to take on the duty of measuring the state of affairs himself, and by which he wore a turban so as to non be recognised. Equally shortly as he saw the right manus adult male of Botak Chin, Pangkor Chai ( Beh Kok Chin ) , he instantly contacted the Kuala Lumpur main constabularies officer, Tan Sri Mohamed Amin Osman to name for 3 backup squads that would environ the sawmill mill. The fast one was to stop any phone calls made from within the mill to corroborate the presence of Botak Chin in the alleged hideaway. To their discouragement, no phone calls were made for four yearss directly, and therefore the constabulary force could non take action as fright of destroying their opportunities. The 4th dark was the last dark the constabulary force was traveling to put around and delay, aimlessly for a miracle to go on. And it was a jar of the blue that phone call was made on the last dark of the operation, and genuinely, it was without a uncertainty the voice of Botak Chin. The topic phoned his buddies in Ipoh and the program was to assail Genting Highlands. Equally shortly as the constabulary confirmed that Botak Chin was in the sawmill mill, they burst into the scene and started a gun-shooting stretch. Approximately 500 gun shootings and rupture gas were discharged which resulted in an extended helter-skelter state of affairs. Pangkor Chai and Ah Keong counter-attacked the constabulary force with more gunfires and threw a grenade towards the constabulary. In the thick of the brainsick state of affairs, Botak was shot at his leg and right manus. In obvious hurting, he crawled towards two of his best right manus adult male but fright and guilt enveloped him as he found both of them lying every bit still as a log, dead and gone.[ 30 ]As the ambiance cleared up, Sentul main officer ( which Syed Meor misplaced his name ) found Botak lying impotently beneath a tabular array.[ 31 ] Sir Please assist me. Was all that he could express. Botak was dragged out from beneath the tabular array. This marks the terminal of Botak s autonomy and invisibleness as he eventually fell into the long weaponries of jurisprudence. Finite Written by ; Choong Huayen Transporting Botak Chin s organic structure to be buried. Wong Swee Chin better known as Botak Chin was arrested for a twelvemonth after being caught by the constabulary force. To the constabulary force that was on Botak Chin s trail, the twenty-four hours of his gaining control was a twenty-four hours of jubilation and exultation for many thought it was virtually impossible to catch this ill-famed pack leader. However, the alleged unbeatable adult male was eventually brought in and was so handed over to the tribunals where justness was about to bechance on him. Botak Chin was so pleaded guilty by the Kuala Lumpur High Court and was given the much dreaded decease punishment after being convicted on three charges under the Internal Security Act ( ISA )[ 32 ]. For all the barbarous and inhuman offenses he had done, he was sentenced to decease by the rope, which many in the state thought that this was the lone penalty suited for such a heartless mobster that caused mayhem and released panic among the community in Klang Valley during the 1970ss. He did non desire to decease ; he did non desire to stop his life in such an unstylish manner neither did he desire to acknowledge licking for he felt his concern here was non complete yet. Therefore, he hired a attorney and appealed against his sentence to the Privy Council on the 1st of April 1980.[ 33 ]Botak Chin defended himself by naming himself the modern twenty-four hours Robin Hood [ 34 ]as he had robbed from the rich and gave some spoils to the hapless while he used the staying spoils to purchase more equipment for the following robbery. There was this one incident where Botak Chin showed compassion and commiseration towards an old ice-cream marketer. Botak Chin met this old adult male selling ice-cream on a bike. He told the old adult male to acquire off his bike, and he grabbed clasp of the old bike and threw it across the route. He so reached into his pocket and pulled out a few thousand ringgit. He gave the money to the old adult male and told the old adult male to trav el place and acquire some remainder[ 35 ]. However, the tribunal did non govern in his favor and Botak Chin was found guilty on the 16th of May 1980. The Board of Pardons and Supreme Court refused the entreaty Botak Chin has made ; he was non traveling to get away the rope.[ 36 ]To them, the sum of wrong-doing and the sum of panic caused by him was more than terrible adequate and they did non see fit to let person like him to get away the gallows of decease. After being denied a opportunity to appeal against the decease sentence, Botak Chin became despairing ; he did non desire to decease, this is non how he wanted to travel, he had to happen a manner out no affair what it took. He had to make something to acquire out of this quandary and he needed to move rapidly for clip was non on his side. Hence, on the 1st of January 1981, he made a despairing effort to get away the Pudu Prison from his decease row cell. Botak Chin used a crisp arm to get away ; he mercilessly stabbed three prison functionaries in his gruesome and despairing effort to get away the decease gallows. However, Botak Chin was unsuccessful and he sustained really serious hurts in his effort to get away[ 37 ]. After this failed effort at get awaying, Botak Chin did non hold the strength neither did he hold the will to seek to get away any longer ; he eventually surrendered and accepted his destiny. He merely waited patiently and softly for the twenty-four hours of the hang ing, for his finite terminal of his life as a condemnable feared by many. Botak Chin had a petition before he was hanged. A petition that surprised many and caused many to oppugn their perceptual experience of him as a heartless and barbarous felon. He wished to donate all his critical variety meats to the infirmary for medical intents. This act signifies the purposes of perchance a good adult male who was misjudged and likely went about making good in the incorrect manner. However, this petition was besides denied as Botak Chin did non travel through the proper processs and did non compose a written consent[ 38 ]. It was disrespectful in a manner to deny this petition as this was Botak Chin s deceasing wish before he was hanged from the rope. Botak Chin had a concluding petition before his hanging ; he requested to have on his Tok Raja Pidtta during his rope hanging. His petition was denied, nevertheless, the justice promised to return the Pidtta to Botak Chin when he is confirmed dead[ 39 ]. This is because the Pidtta is believed to confer and give power to the wearer which enables the wearer disappear from danger and Botak Chin has escaped countless dangers and even gaining controls when he was have oning this Pidtta. The Pidtta may look like a superstitious belief and does non hold any solid or concrete cogent evidence of its powers. However, the justice most decidedly did non desire to put on the line Botak Chin get awaying once more. Hence, he disallowed the Pidtta as a safety step. 11th of June, 1981, the twenty-four hours of the hanging of Botak Chin had eventually arrived. As the prison guards entered Botak Chin s prison cell to take him to the executing chamber, he said to them Sudah sampai ah? Saya rasa macam lari 100m, sudah sampai garisan penamat. ( Is it clip already? I felt like I ran 100m and I am near to making the coating line. ) Like standard process, the prison guard so wrapped his caput with a black fabric and Botak Chin was brought to the executing chamber blindfolded[ 40 ]. The silence that followed him was deafening and merely repeating footfalls were heard as Botak Chin easy climbed up the stairss of the executing platform, his concluding finish. He so stopped right under the rope hanger. The rope hanger was wrapped around his caput and Botak Chin was asked for his deceasing want, which was to donate his critical variety meats to the infirmary for medical intents. After his deceasing want was written down, there was pitch silent for a minute, as it was still 2.59am. Everyone held their breath as the hr of decease was upon them in merely a few minutes. When the clock turned 3.00 am, the cogwheel was pulled. The platform under Botak Chin s legs opened and his organic structure fell down and the rope violently broke his cervix and he was left hanging for a minute to guarantee he was decidedly dead. This was the terminal of the 28 twelvemonth old Botak Chin[ 41 ], the most ill-famed felon of that clip who lived dauntlessly and instilled the feeling of fright in everyone around him. People all over the state knew him ; even the small childs on the streets chanted his name during his reign. And now, eventually all around the state, everyone breathed a suspiration of understanding and alleviation, for the pursuit for Botak Chin had eventually ended. DSP S Kulasingam Written by ; Ng Sijie S. Kulasingam ( on the right ) recognizing other constabulary officers. S Kulasingam besides known as Kula by his couples was the former helper CID head of Kuala Lumpur and Johor CID head[ 42 ]. S Kulasingam was born on 12 August 1931 in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. He is a tall and immense individual. Kula is about 6 pess 2 inches and weighs about 216 lbs[ 43 ]. He is good built and strong which is much needed in his field work as a police officer and CID head. His name, S Kulasingam means king of beasts of the community in Tamil[ 44 ]which really good depict his function in the society. At a immature age of merely 19, he decided to fall in the constabulary force[ 45 ]. Before that, he worked as a instructor for around 6 months[ 46 ]. He so chose to discontinue his occupation as a instructor due to him desiring to assist construct a safer state for the benefit of the society. Once he started his work as a police officer, he was really good respected. In July, 1951, he became a provisional inspector. At that clip he was simply 20 old ages old. With much accomplishment within him, he managed to mount up the rankings to achieve the station of adjunct overseer of constabulary in August 1957[ 47 ]. Soon, he became the constabulary officer most feared by felons around the 1970s. It s non easy to kill me. I wo nt travel before my figure is up, Kula had one time said in an interview, after holding survived several efforts on his life by despairing mobsters.[ 48 ]He was best known for capturing the ill-famed and ill-famed Botak Chin. Many robberies took topographic point under Botak Chin s name. Therefore, a particular force led by S Kulasingam was required to do Botak Chin s gaining control possible. This accomplishment made him one of the best constabulary officers in the Royal Malaysia Police ( PDRM ) .[ 49 ]He should be made as a function theoretical account for the young person of today and the hereafter. During his clip functioning the state as a constabulary officer, he led many operations and achieved new highs by decrypting and work outing rare and complicating instances. S Kulasingam besides came in close combat with many unsafe every bit good as barbarous felons and inmates. One of his close decease state of affairss was a surprise ambuscade by Botak Chin at the intersection of Davis route traffic visible radiation, Circulat Road on 22 November 1975.[ 50 ]This was an effort on Botak Chin s portion to assassinate him. 11 gunfires were fired at him that twenty-four hours. Fortunately, merely one shooting hit him right at his thorax. Amazingly, he was still able to maneuver out of the danger to safety at a nearby constabulary station which was the Cheras Police Station for backup and aid. Besides that, S Kulasingam besides operated in the instance which involved the psychopathologic raper Kepong Chai who raped adult females and scarred their faces after ravishing them.[ 51 ] On April 7 1976, he survived a shooting in the tummy when he was present to assist battle at a robbery that occurred at a jewelry store in Paramount Gardens, Petaling Jaya[ 52 ]. He was really fortunate that dark for he was able to make the infirmary in clip. Besides that, he besides survived with minimum hurts when a 44-pound jar of formic acid was thrown straight at his organic structure[ 53 ]. He is a really lucky adult male as he dealt with many life and decease state of affairss and someway managed to last each one of them. Outside his work, he is a amusing cat with a great and infective personality. He is a joy to be about. One of his avocations is listening and singing old Tamil vocals. He tends to sing them to entertain his friends and household. His nephew, S. Thirunavakarasu remembers S. Kulasingam as a friendly and loving uncle and besides treated him as his function theoretical account due to his leading and achievements as a well-known, righteous and baronial police officer.[ 54 ] Over the old ages, he raided and captured many hideawaies of packs with eldritch and bizarre names such as the Mini-Cooper Gang and the Cowboys [ 55 ]. Every felon and criminal out at that place decidedly cognizant of his being and bequest. His passion, dedication and diligence in his field have earned him many awards and much congratulations from his higher-ups such as the Medal of the brave Kula ( PGB ) and Ahli Mangku Negara ( AMN ) . These are two really esteemed awards which help him derive much popularity and his position today. After many panics and slug evasion, S Kulasingam retired in 1985 when he was about 54 old ages old. For about 35 old ages as a bull, he flirted with danger twenty-four hours and dark and therefore he surely deserves his long anticipated retirement after working hard for the state. After retirement, he lives comfortably in a two floored flat in Johor Bahru[ 56 ]. He neer married and he continued to stay a unmarried man and lived entirely for the remainder of his unrecorded. All he wanted was a peaceable and low profile life after all that bosom whipping minutes he had to cover with as a constabulary officer. He was one time asked about why he would non desire to acquire married, he quoted Field of unsafe work such as this requires some forfeits, [ 57 ]. What he said was true as he was involved in many life endangering state of affairss and this would decidedly endanger his household s safety which would impede them from holding a normal life like the other households could. On the 29th of September 2007, S Kulasingam was hospitalized after he slipped and fell in his bathroom in his flat at Jalan Sultan Abdul Samad[ 58 ]. Fortunately, one of his nephews was at that place to assist him. He was brought to the infirmary shortly after. He fractured his hip bone during this incident and had to travel for an operation. He was able to walk once more shortly after the operation[ 59 ]. However, he was still hospitalized due to some complications. After 2 months of being in the infirmary, on the 29th of November 2007 ( Thursday ) , the top offense fellow in Malaysia, S Kulasingam passed off at Sultanah Aminah Hospital. With him present at that minute to listen to his last words were his younger sister S. Arthi, senior brother Dr S. Ratna, household members and close friends[ 60 ]. The 77 twelvemonth old ace bull left the universe he one time protected at 3.06am on that glooming Thursday forenoon. S. Kulasingam one time quoted: How could I decease of anything but old age? [ 61 ], that was good said as his decease was due to none other than old-age complications. S Kulasingam was much a well-thought-of constabulary officer. His work and attempt towards the state will neer be forgotten and his permanent bequest will populate on. Thankss to him we have a safer state today. We as the young person of today and the future coevals of leaders should take him as a function theoretical account and possibly accomplish merely every bit much or hopefully even more than what he had done in life. Tan Sri Dr. Mahadevan Written by ; Manoj From the left ; TunA Dr.A Mahathir bin Mohamad and Tan Sri Dr. Mahadevan In the Botak Chin s history, Dr Mahadevan plays a really important function as his head-shrinker. Dr Mahadevan who is the former manager of Tanjung Rambutan Mental Hospital in Perak[ 62 ]treated Botak Chin as he was asked to find whether or non Botak Chin was mentally strong or sane to stand for a test. From the find of Dr Mahadevan, it was found that Botak Chin is really a mastermind but a ill-conceived 1. Dr Mahadevan decided to take this rare chance to come in the head of this one-of-a sort felon with an bizarre outlook and seek to decode what was truly on his head and what were his existent purposes behind his actions. Botak Chin explained himself in item to Dr Mahadevan at the mental infirmary that his lone purpose was to assist the hapless since he was immature. He wanted to protect the down-trodden and deprived from the mobsters who extorted money and corrupt functionaries[ 63 ]. Botak Chin besides told Dr Mahadevan that he was one time severely bashed up by delinquents and mobsters who entered his vegetable stall at the market and tried up to extort money from him. Although they failed to make so, they viciously attacked him and caused his collar bone to fracture. That was decidedly an unforgettable incident to Botak Chin as he decided to take up soldierly humanistic disciplines for self-defense intent. Not merely did Botak Chin do that, he besides told Dr Mahadevan that he joined into a pack for protection[ 64 ]. And now he feels that it is his duty and responsibility to protect his sort from any injury and subjugation so that they would non hold to travel through what he when through in the y esteryear. Dr Mahadevan knew that peculiar incident had a terrible impact on Botak Chin s life. Dr Mahadevan besides came to cognize that Botak Chin encouraged the society to fall in his secret pack in order to avoid being harmed and exploited by the corrupt functionaries and the mobsters. Dr Mahadevan besides admired Botak Chin when he said that the members of his society had taken an curse to cut their hair abruptly, non to take the hapless for granted and decidedly non to take drugs[ 65 ]. Dr Mahadevan had a good feeling on Botak Chin because he knew that Botak Chin s ultimate purpose was merely to assist the hapless and non to do problem or pandemonium in this state. Dr Mahadevan besides managed to happen out from Botak Chin that he was called the Robin Hood by the villagers in his small town because of his act of robbing from the rich and giving considerable sums of spoils to the hapless. Botak Chin knew that by this manner he would be able to supply aid for the hapless. Although he gave merely small to the hapless, the remainder of the money that he robbed, he had given it to to his pack and portion of it to the household of those members who were killed by the constabulary. Through this attempt of his, the household members would hold fewer loads to transport. Dr Mahadevan knew that this act of his would do him to seek safety and spent the remainder of his life concealment when being spotted by the constabulary. It was obvious that with the aid provided by Botak Chin to the community, the community were decidedly seeking to assist him escape.Dr Mahadevan knew that Botak Chin had managed to capture the Black Marias and heads of the community through his courageous actions. Although what Botak Chin did was lawfully incorrect, nevertheless his purposes were really good. Dr Mahadevan besides managed to acquire Botak Chin to talk about the rules and guidelines that his secret society had. It seemed that Botak Chin s secret society had a really rigorous and strong guidelines and rules[ 66 ]. These rules were to be followed by each and every member of this secret society including Botak Chin himself. Botak Chin besides made it clear to Dr Mahadevan that he had appointed confederates to implement the subject among the members and his military personnels. Dr Mahadevan was besides surprised when Botak Chin told him that when he was admitted to the infirmary, patients of that infirmary were more than sword lily to rinse his apparels and do all jobs for him. It was a signifier of gratitude towards Botak Chin s actions[ 67 ]. Dr Mahadevan was told that Botak Chin neer tied the knot with any miss. Dr Mahadevan was told that many adult females would name to ask about Botak Chin s well being during Botak Chin s stay in the hospita[ 68 ]l. Dr Mahadevan knew really good that he was in the Black Marias of many adult females due to his good workss. He was besides told that Botak Chin was being rushed back to Kuala Lumpur when a slug was found in the cell of a high security infirmary. He farther explained it by stating that the slug was really shot by his members in their attempt to assist him get away. Dr Mahadevan besides found that Botak Chin sought consolation in assorted faiths. Botak Chin besides wished for his variety meats to be donated for medical intents[ 69 ]. He wanted his variety meats to profit the society in some signifier but it was rejected as he neer wrote a written consent sing his wants. Dr Mahadevan knew that Botak Chin was really a sort hearted individual but could non be helped as he is lawfully incorrect and can non be justified. Decision Written by ; Mohamed Mazlan A condemnable or a saint misunderstood? A local hero but a public nuisance at the same clip? Merely one adult male can trip such contradicting and dry statements. And that adult male is what this whole study is approximately. The adult male that branded himself as the local Robin Hood , the adult male that fought for the rights of the hapless and the laden ; but he was besides the adult male responsible for many robberies, slayings and pack battles, a adult male that set panic, confusion and terror among the community of Kuala Lumpur in the 1970ss, a adult male that everyone feared including the constabulary force, a adult male that many believed was unbeatable and unbeatable. Everyone knew him ; the aged, the working grownups and even the small childs running on the streets. Some hated his backbones ; some in secret respected him while many feared him. Amazing is nt it how one adult male who was merely a school dropout could make such an huge impact on society? He was neither flush nor did he hold any influential place in the province authorities but yet he was talked about everyplace from offices to even coffee stores. With a particular force created merely for his gaining control, he so was person to be reckoned with. Merely one adult male with likely one of the most alone name which itself is beliing to how this adult male really looks ; his name is Botak Chin. Hours of research, arguments and treatments made us, the squad, to really explicate our ain perceptual experience and ideas on this ill-famed felon in Malaysia. Wong Swee Chin, person from a comparatively normal upbringing, possibly he did endure merely a tad spot due to poverty. His male parent drilled the qualities of a good adult male into him. However, Botak Chin was no ordinary adult male. He was person with merely the right sum of endowment, fore-sight, ardor and craft. He was a natural born leader. He was fashioned to be person influential, person who would do headlines and grace the forepart pages of newspapers, spoken about through the wirelesss and appears often on telecasting screens. He had a vision, a end which he kept his focal point on and that end was to assist those in demand, to offer a manus to the hapless and the 1s enduring out at that place. Such a promising chap with good purposes. However, he fell abruptly in his executing of his purpose and vision. He went about making good workss in the incorrect manner. He was robbing, killing, interrupting Torahs, making pandemonium and mayhem. Many were injured and some even lost their lives at his disbursal. One of the most likely grounds to why he resorted to violence to acquire his propaganda and thought across is because of his old brush with force when he was younger. That triggered a sense of pitilessness within him to really utilize a more aggressive attack in making things. He was a adult male that was true to his rules and beliefs. No 1 in his pack was allowed to take drugs. A mark of a adult male with good will and self-respect. But, the constabulary were non excessively pleased with his work, they did non look at him as person seeking to do a alteration, alternatively they saw him as a plague, a societal scumbag which should be thrown into gaol or even worse hung by his cervix until he died. Time and clip once more Botak Chin was lucky and cunning plenty to withstand the constabulary. Until one twenty-four hours, the jurisprudence eventually caught up with him. He was eventually caught and it was because he was betrayed by his ain right-hand adult male and his close friend, about like his brother, Seh Chai. One would reason that for a originator of such adept offenses, Botak Chin was foolish plenty to put so much trust in his best friend. However, he was still human, and as worlds, we need to organize relationships and bonds with others in order to maintain us sane. It was really clear Botak Chin was a adult male which placed extreme precedence in his work for he denied holding any intimate relationships with any adult females although he had many supporters all desiring to capture his cherished attending. However, non even one lady did. He told his head-shrinker ; Tan Sri Dr. Mahadevan that any sexual desires that he had within him was channeled into his work. This fuelled his work with a certain sum of passion and devotedness. Something like how a hubby would impart and show his love towards his married woman. The dedication towards what he did and what he worked was faultless. Such a complex head with many fascinating ideas ; this is the head of a sheer mastermind. Planing robberies in which he got off unharmed with booty amounting to shut to half a million was no easy effort. He was even skilled with pieces. So when we take a expression at things from a logical and analytical position, his amulet the Pidtta from Tok Raja did non play a critical function in his ill-famed success of ever acquiring out of danger unhurt and defying apprehension. Botak Chin did non necessitate much fortune, for he was ever pre-planning and re-thinking his moves maintaining him in front of the constabulary clip and clip once more. Botak Chin seemed unbeatable non because of some talisman but because he made full usage of his humor and he was cunning plenty to outwit the jurisprudence. After all that has been said and done, we have come to a concluding finding of fact after weighing both the good and bad workss of Botak Chin and taking into consideration every factor necessary, we feel that Botak Chin was so a good adult male. He was a adult male of honor and rules. He was a adult male with a good bosom. His purposes were good but his ways and methods of put to deathing his rules were incorrect. It is decidedly non acceptable to kill others at the disbursal of assisting people for it is non for adult male to make up ones mind who should populate and who should non. Hence, Botak Chin was non merely any condemnable, he was a good adult male ; but a good adult male who made incorrect determinations in his pursuit to assist people. After all he has done, he so ran a race, and what a race that was.

Essay on Perspectives on Television

Essay on Perspectives on Television Essay on Perspectives on Television Introduction to Sociology Reaction Paper 1 Perspectives on Television Symbols of status: iPhones, iPads, massive homes with huge payments, designer footwear,designer bags and lets not forget the massive SUV’s, advertised as built to maneuver on rough terrain and made for soccer moms. The general concept is to tell members of society that bigger is better; be it the price or the product. Television, when they first appeared, was a sign of status; perhaps in many ways, they are still symbolic of a persons place in society. However, when anyone can drive through rural areas, and see on practically every dilapidated home, a satellite dish, television has become something more. Sociologists â€Å"study the influence that society has on people’s attitudes and behavior and the ways in which people interact and shape society† (Schaefer 6). There are three ways in which a Sociologist will view society and it’s elements. The first is the perspective of a functionalist who views society as a system, with a unified structure, while the second, conflict perspective looks at who is in control that is constantly causing conflict. Last is the interactionist perspective that â€Å"generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole† (Schaefer 15). Functionalist View The functionalist will ask: what is the role of television in our society and what purpose does it serve?The functionalistview society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival. This perspective emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structures to maintain its stability (Schaeffer13). The functionalist also will look at manifest and latent functions as well as dysfunction (see fig. 1).Manifest functions are those that â€Å"involve the intended, recognized consequences of an aspect of society† (Schafer 14). The functions would be: Television provides entertainment. Television passes values and social norms from generation to generation. Television delivers information by way of news and educational programming. Advertising is also a form of information that helps the economy by promoting industry and goods. Television fosters consumption that helps the economy. Fig. 1 Table illustrating latent function and dysfunction of television Latent Functions Dysfunctions People and mostly children spend too much time watching television. Not enough physical activity, causing obesity in children which brings up health concerns and self-esteem issues. Promotes consumption with advertising. Environmental concerns of industry and consumerism and also, people incurring debt that often ends in bankruptcy. Promotes unrealistic idea of beauty and perfection for our youth. Eating disorders, body image issues, low self-esteem and an overall feeling of never measuring up to the constant pictures of perfection. Conflict View The dominant concept of the conflict view is that â€Å"people are shaped by power and coercion† (page 16). The conflict theorist will see television as an outlet and a tool to gain control over individuals and society. At the root of this perception is the idea that people are fighting over resources which creates divisions and conflict. One major theory of the conflict view is that of gatekeeping, which is defined as a select few who dictate what is allowed to be seen by the

Biography of Catherine Parr, Sixth Wife of Henry VIII

Biography of Catherine Parr, Sixth Wife of Henry VIII Catherine Parr (c. 1512–Sept. 5, 1548) was the sixth and last wife of Henry VIII, king of England. She was reluctant to marry him- he had had his second and fifth wives executed- but saying no to a proposal from the king could have had serious consequences. She eventually was married four times, the last to her true love. Fast Facts: Catherine Parr Known For: Sixth wife of Henry VIIIAlso Known As: Katherine  or  Katharine ParreBorn: c. 1512 in London, EnglandParents: Sir Thomas Parr, Maud GreeneDied: Sept. 5, 1548 in Gloucestershire, EnglandPublished Works: Prayers and Meditations, Lamentation of a SinnerSpouse(s): Edward Borough (or Burgh), John Neville, Henry VIII, Thomas SeymourChild: Mary Seymour Early Life Catherine Parr was born in London around 1512, the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr and Maud Greene. She was the eldest of three children. Her parents were courtiers during the early years of Henry VIIIs reign. Her father was knighted at the kings 1509 coronation, and her mother was a lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon, his first queen, after whom Catherine was named. After her father died in 1517, Catherine was sent to live with her uncle, Sir William Parr, in Northamptonshire. There, she received a good education in Latin, Greek, modern languages, and theology. Marriages In 1529 Parr married Edward Borough (or Burgh), who died in 1533.  The next year she married John Neville, Lord Latimer, a second cousin once removed.  A Catholic, Neville was the target of Protestant rebels, who briefly held Parr and his two children hostage in 1536 to protest the kings religious policies. Neville died in 1543. Parr had been widowed twice when she became part of the household of Princess Mary, the kings daughter, and attracted Henrys attention. Parr wasnt the first woman to draw the kings eye. Henry had put aside his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, and split with the Church of Rome to divorce her, so that he could marry his second wife, Anne Boleyn, only to have her executed for treason for betraying him. He had lost his third wife, Jane Seymour, who died from complications after giving birth to his only legitimate son, who was to become Edward VI. He had divorced his fourth queen, Anne of Cleves, because he was not attracted to her. He noticed Parr not long after he had had his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, executed for deceiving him. Knowing his history and, apparently, already engaged to Jane Seymours brother Thomas, Parr was naturally reluctant to marry Henry. But she also was aware that refusing him could have serious consequences for herself and her family. Marriage to Henry Parr married King Henry VIII on July 12, 1543, four months after her second husband died. By all accounts she was a patient, loving, pious wife to him in his last years of illness, disillusion, and pain. As was typical in noble circles, Parr and Henry had a number of common ancestors and were third cousins once removed in two different ways. Parr helped reconcile Henry to his two daughters, Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, and Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn. Under her influence, they were educated and restored to the succession. Parr also directed the education of her stepson, the future Edward VI, and advanced her stepchildren with Neville. Parr was sympathetic to the Protestant cause.  She could argue fine points of theology with Henry, occasionally infuriating him so much that he threatened her with execution. She probably tempered his persecution of Protestants under the Act of the Six Articles, which  reasserted some traditional Catholic doctrine into the English Church. Parr herself narrowly escaped being implicated with Anne Askew, a Protestant martyr. A 1545 warrant for her arrest was canceled when she and the king reconciled. Deaths Parr served as Henrys regent in 1544 when he was in France, but when Henry died in 1547, she was not made regent for his son Edward. Parr and her former love Thomas Seymour, who was Edwards uncle, did have some influence with Edward, including obtaining his permission to marry, which they received sometime after they had secretly married on April 4, 1547.  She also was granted permission to be called the Dowager Queen.  Henry had provided her with an allowance after his death. She also was the guardian of Princess Elizabeth after Henrys death, though this led to a scandal when rumors circulated about a relationship between Seymour and Elizabeth. Parr apparently was surprised to find herself pregnant for the first time in her fourth marriage. She gave birth to her only child, Mary Seymour, on Aug. 30, 1548, and died only a few days later, on Sept. 5, 1548, in Gloucestershire, England. The cause of death was puerperal fever, the same postpartum complication that had taken Jane Seymour. There were rumors that her husband had poisoned her, hoping to marry Princess Elizabeth. Thomas Seymour was executed for treason in 1549, a year after his wifes death.  Mary Seymour went to live with a close friend of Parr, but there are no records of her after her second birthday. Although there have been rumors, it isnt known whether she survived. Legacy Catherine Parr sacrificed her love for Seymour and married  Henry VIII, a display of loyalty to the crown that has maintained her good reputation throughout English history. She took good care of her stepchildren, providing education and culture, and strongly encouraged stepdaughter Elizabeths education, which helped to make the future  Queen Elizabeth  one of the most learned monarchs in English history. Additionally, her support of Protestantism encouraged the translation of religious works into English and furthered the cause of the  Protestant Reformation  in England. Parr left two devotional works that were published with her name after her death: Prayers and Meditations (1545) and Lamentation of a Sinner (1547). In 1782, Parrs coffin was found in a ruined chapel at Sudeley Castle, where she had lived with Seymour up to her death. In time, a proper tomb and memorial were built there. Sources Catherine Parr. New World Encyclopedia.Katherine Parr. TudorHistory.org

A case study requirs reading an artical first, see the detailed

A requirs reading an artical first, see the detailed information below - Case Study Example The other opportunity is creation of better health for the BoP. Many people at the bottom die of diseases caused by spread of germs. This is majorly as a result of lack of knowledge and affordability of the cleaning products. If they are taught the importance of good hygiene and constant demonstrations made, they can be able to keep up the hygiene. This paired with making available hygienic products in smaller quantity hence cheaper costs will ensure maximum benefits to both the BoP and the multinational company (Prahalad 175). In line with the above is ensuring affordable packaging which comprises of small packages of each product which is affordable to the people. They cannot afford spending a lot on one product with big packages but the money can be distributed on several different products with smaller affordable packaging. This is still beneficial to the companies as their customer base will have expanded while they spend less on packaging and its attractiveness. Financing is the greatest challenge in all these opportunities discussed. The three marketing opportunities mentioned above can be integrated by the multinationals. The integration will reduce the financing which has been established to be the greatest challenge while still serving the purpose of improving the lives of the people, and maximizing the newly discovered and acquired customer base. Unhealthy people make up the worse type of customers as they are not able to purchase products which means a loss of income for the organizations. Ensuring that the largest population group in the world; the BoP are healthy will mean that their purchase rate will be high and so will the returns to the multinational companies. The first thing any multinational company aiming to explore the BoP should ensure is teaching the people good hygiene. While they adopt the healthy trait and purchase the hygienic products,

Reading Responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading Responses - Essay Example What is not discussed in the open by women would actually become the main conversation and a thing of pride by men subtly declares the made-up superiority complex of men who believe that power makes them better than women. There is no logic that supports men’s sense of superiority apart from the stronger physical built! The two most enlightening passage from the article indicate men’s need to maintain their dominance within social paradigm. The TV shows would treat the subject in length and male intellectuals would argue ‘how could a woman master any discipline that demanded a sense of time, space, mathematics, or measurement, for instance, without that in-built gift for measuring the cycles of the moon and planets - and thus for measuring anything at all?’ Indeed, the phenomenon that is normal for women would turn into unique event for men just reveals the pseudo psychology of ego that men exercise. The ‘normal’ event would become yet another main event that would help them retain their male dominance over women who are look physically frail but have the emotional and intellectual strength to compete against their male counterpart and

Intentional Torts, Negligence, Nuisance Essay Example for Free

Intentional Torts, Negligence, Nuisance Essay A tort is a legal injury resulting from a violation of a legal right which arises independent of contract and for which restitution may be had in a civil action for damages.   Generally, there are three kinds of torts.   They are:   first, those which are based on fault or negligence; second, intentional torts; and third, those where the element of negligence or intent does not enter as an essential element.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first kind refers to the fault or negligence of a person who, by his act or omission, causes damage to another, to whom he is not bound by any contractual relation. In some civil law jurisdictions, this tort is popularly known as quasi-delict which is of French origin comprehending a common law concept of negligence. In actions based on quasi-delicts, to recover damages, an injured party must prove the fault or negligence of the defendant, the damage suffered and the relation of cause and effect between the defendant’s negligence and the damage or injury he has suffered. The immediate cause which produces the injury must not be intermitted by any intervening cause.   In cases where both parties are negligent and proximate cause cannot be directly attributed to either party, the humanitarian doctrine provides that the party who had the last chance to avoid the accident but did not do so, shall be held accountable for the consequences of the act. Intentional torts are acts causing injury to persons or property committed with intent to cause damage to another.   This is covered under provisions on human relations.   An example of this type is trespass to land, whether such violation of property right causes improvement or damage to the land.   This is an actual invasion to other person’s possession without consent. A good example of the third kind is nuisance.   This is sometimes classified as intentional tort.   Nuisance is any act, omission, establishment, business, condition of property or anything else which injures or endangers the health or safety of others or annoys or offends the senses or shocks, defies or disregards decency or morality or obstructs or interferes with the free passage of any public highway or street, or any body of water or hinders or impairs the use of property. As to injurious effects, nuisance may be classified as public nuisance or private nuisance. A public nuisance affects a community or neighborhood or any considerable number of persons, while a private nuisance affects only a person or small number of persons.   The remedies against nuisance are abatement brought by an agency of the government and damage suit or relief by injunction by private individuals whose enjoyment of a right has been impaired. In tort cases, the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor is applied.   The doctrine requires that the accident must be of a kind that does not ordinarily happen without defendant’s negligence.   It affords reasonable evidence, in the absence of explanation by the defendant that the accident arose from want of care.   The accident must have been caused by an agency or instrumentality within the exclusive control of the defendant and not due to any voluntary action or contribution on the part of the plaintiff. Strict Liability and Product Liability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Strict liability in tort is a concept where the plaintiff need not prove the negligence of the defendant in order to recover damages caused by defective products. . Consensual contract is not necessary to prove liability of the defendant.   Strict liability is enforced against the manufacturers who are responsible for committing the products in the market.   Liability rests on the protection of the consumers with the aim of securing that the costs of harms brought about by defective products are donned by the manufacturers. In product liability case, the burden of proof is shifted from the plaintiff to the defendant.  Ã‚   The plaintiff must only prove that he suffered injuries by the defective product and that said defect already exists at the time the goods departed from the manufacturer or retailer as distinguished from recovery due to negligence, where the plaintiff has yet to prove that the defect was caused by defendant’s failure to act with prudence. Strict liability applies only where there is physical harm or damage to other property.   Economic loss such as consequential loss of income or cost of repair/replacement brought by defective product is recoverable under the Uniform Commercial Code.   If a product exists different from what is intended by the manufacturer or differs from the same manufacturer’s product, it is said to be defective.   However, the manufacturer is not liable if the injury is caused by unanticipated use or misuse of the product. Wrongful Death and Survival Tort Action   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When through negligence a person is   killed, wrongful death happens.   Damages may be recovered by the decedent’s survivors or beneficiaries.   Survivors need not prove the exact amount of damages which fall under two classes: economic damages and noneconomic damages. Economic damages include funeral and burial expenses.   If the survivors are receiving financial support, it has to be included, computed based on the life expectancy of the decedent. The value of household services that could have been provided by the decedent to his beneficiaries had he survived shall also form part of the economic damages.   In addition, gifts and other benefits the decedent could have contributed to the survivors shall also be included. Economic benefits shall be reduced to current value.   In deciding for the noneconomic benefits which includes loss and sufferings, no fixed standard exists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In survival action for tort, it is the estate of the decedent that can claim for lost earnings, punitive damages and medical expenses incurred by the deceased before to his death.   It means that, it is the successor-in-interest that has the right to file such claim, subject to testate or intestate proceedings under a probate court. Both wrongful death and survival tort action are subject to prescriptive periods under the Statute of Limitations.   Wrongful death has to be claimed within two years from the death of the decedent.  Ã‚   In survival action, the time limit for the action commences from the date the claim actually passed to the deceased.   In deciding these cases, the scale of justice is slightly tilted in favor of the plaintiff where only clear and convincing evidence is required. Immunity, Release and Contribution, Indemnity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   State political subdivisions such as hospitals enjoy immunity from suits for negligence or intentional torts under state law.   However, under federal preemption law, they may be sued under the EMTALA or Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act.   Regarding state immunity statute, where a conflict arises between state law and federal law, state law must yield under the supremacy clause of the U.S. Constitution. Under the Communications Decency Act of l996, providers or users of interactive computer service are entitled to immunity.   Legislators also enjoy immunity from suit while in Congress in the exercise of their legislative functions. In personal injury suits, there are cases where there are two or more tort-feasors who are jointly and severally liable for the injury caused to the plaintiff.   Joint tort-feasors are entitled to right of contribution and pro-rata share of the money judgment provided the common liability for damages has been satisfied in full.   The right to contribution is granted only to a tort-feasor who has not willfully caused the injury. Payment by one of the whole liability extinguishes the others and entitles one to recover contributions from the other tort-feasors.   However release of one by the injured party does not necessarily release the other tort-feasors unless provided for in the release, but the claim shall be reduced proportionate to the amount in the release. The party to whom release is granted is exculpated from all liability for contribution to the other co defendants. The proportional degree of fault or negligence of the tort-feasors shall determine their pro-rata share in the liability. However, this issue of proportionate fault should have been litigated and decided in the same action for damages by way of cross-complaint.   In case a defendant has paid the whole obligation or more than his share in the claim; he is entitled to indemnity by filing a cross-claim against a co party.   Where a tort-feasor is entitled to indemnity, the right is for indemnity and not for contribution. Workers’ Compensation, No-Fault Auto Insurance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Workers’ compensation is an option to the tort system.   Firms self-insure or purchase workers’ compensation insurance as mandated by the state law for the benefit of the workers who sometimes are injured in the performance of their duties.   The insurer pays the worker medical expenses and average wage while under recovery.   The only requirement to avail of this benefit is that the injury must be work-related.   It does not matter whether there is negligence on the part of the employee or employer.   Under this alternative, there is guaranteed income, and because of this, the employee waives his right to sue his employer for work-related injuries sustained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The problems of long and costly court cases to determine who is at fault led to the enactment of the no-fault auto insurance laws that provide for the payment of policy holders irrespective of fault and also limits the right to sue. This is known as personal injury protection or PIP first party coverage. This is also an alternative to the tort system.   Motorists are allowed to sue only under certain thresholds involving grimness of injury.   The law intends to reduce vehicular accidents cases clogging the courts, limiting payment for losses and restricting recovery for non-economic damages thus, reducing premiums on auto insurance. Defamation, Injurious Falsehood, Invasion of Privacy Defamation is one of the dignitary torts which refers to the issuing or publishing of a false statement to a third party about another person, resulting to another person’s injured reputation which entitles him to damages. Defamation in print is called libel.   Oral or spoken defamation is slander. To have one’s reputation remain untarnished is one of the rights of a person under the civil law system. The burden of proof lies with the defendant to prove his innocence.   The plaintiff does not need to prove intent to besmirch his reputation and the actual damage suffered. However, the requirement to prove damage is not totally abstracted in all slander cases.   The Ontario Libel and Slander Act of Canada still requires proof of damage in cases where the damaged reputation of the plaintiff resulted to loss of business contract.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tort of injurious falsehood or slander of goods applies where a person’s goods are discredited resulting to economic loss, usually made by dissatisfied customers or dismissed employees.   Monetary loss must to be proved to obtain recovery for damages.   The elements for this tort are: a statement about the goods; that there is falsity in the statement which was published maliciously and that the plaintiff suffered damages. To establish slander of goods, the statement must cause a reasonable person to believe that the statement is true.   The defendant need not mention the product or name of the plaintiff to be liable.   It is enough that an implication be drawn by the public that the defendant’s derogatory statement refers to the goods in issue where for example there is only but two products of same sort in the industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Invasion of privacy is another form of dignitary tort.   This is a right also protected by the Constitution under the Fourth Amendment, for a person to be left alone by himself free from interference or abuses of the government.   This includes the right to property against unreasonable search and seizure.   Invasion of property by private individuals is dealt with under private tort law. Four categories are set forth under this tort.   One is intrusion of solitude which arises when a person presents or displays another to unjustifiable promotional material or publicity. Another category is public disclosure which is revealing of private information though conforming to truth is appalling to a sensible person.   The third category is false light which places another person before the public in a false light through misrepresentation of a person’s character, beliefs and activities and the last of the categories is appropriation which involves using the person’s identity or visual representation without his consent for the benefit of another person.   Invasion of privacy entitles an injured person to compensatory damages and punitive justice. Misrepresentation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Any averment or expression conducted in any manner that is not in accord with facts is misrepresentation.   It is a civil wrong and creates civil liability if monetary loss ensues.   A person making misrepresentation to be held liable, the misrepresentation must be relied upon by the recipient or taker of the falsified statement and the maker knew of such fact. Misrepresentation creates liability whether committed intentionally or unintentionally. In a contract, misrepresentation bestows a person a valid ground for the rescission of contract.   An insurance policy contract may be cancelled due to material misrepresentation made by the insured or the insurer may refuse a claim.   An opinion that is not a true statement is not a misrepresentation of fact.   However a promise which the maker has no intention of carrying out that induces another person to enter into an agreement is an actionable tort. Interference with Economic Relations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interference with economic relations is an economic tort the purpose of which is to protect people from intervention with their commercial or business relations thus maintaining contractual stability.   It has been held in a number of cases that an accomplice or accessory to breach an existing contract is liable for economic loss sustained by a party to the contract. In an action for interference with economic relations, it is necessary that the plaintiff must prove the existence of a contractual relation between him and a third party; that the defendant has knowledge of such contractual relation; and that defendant intentionally, with malice did disturbed said contractual relation. Damage must be proved, but it is presumed when it is a direct consequence of the disturbance and ultimately the breach of contract. Interference may include also inducement or persuasion to a person not to continue with a prospective business relation or preventing a party not to enter such a relation.   Interference with a pre-contractual business relation is however considered lawful unless wrongful means are employed.   Several factors have to be looked into in deciding impropriety of the means used to interfere. One of these is the motive of the party interfering.   Another consideration is the interest of the parties involved in the unlawful interference. To determine whether interference is proper, industrial ethics and practices are substantively necessary. The interference or economic tort does not only protect contractual interest but also ethical and legal interest thus upholding contract as a legal instrument in promoting trade and competition. Unjustifiable Litigation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unjustifiable Litigation also commonly known as malicious prosecution, an intentional tort has been securely instituted in law. An action for malicious prosecution is a remedy for recovery used by victims injured by unwarranted judicial proceedings.   The underlying principle of this tort is an effort to equalize conflicting interests.   Plaintiffs have the right to access to courts without concern of inculpation. Public policy requires that defendant’s interest be also protected against unmeritorious litigations through this remediation. Sometimes people, prompted with malice come to court even without probable cause only to harass other people.   In a cause of action for malicious prosecution, the plaintiff must establish that the prior action was filed at the behest of the defendant and that it was terminated in his (plaintiff) favor; that it was initiated without probable cause and was brought with malice. However, malicious prosecution cases filed on the basis of absence of probable cause usually do not lie or prosper because it is for the court to determine the existence of probable cause as it is a legal question.   Legal authorities said that malicious prosecution deters claimants to institute criminal proceedings for fear of facing excessive litigation after the initial action has been decided not in their favor. In a case, the Supreme Court settled that it is not sensible to desert or loosen the restrictions on malicious prosecution (Sheldon v. AO). Reference Supreme Court of California (l989, January 12). Sheldon Appel Co. v. Albert Oliker, Cite as: 47 Cal.3d 863, 765 P.2d 498, 254 Cal.Rptr. 336.   Retrieved on September 16, 2007 from http://www.casp.net/oliker-1.html